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MONGABAY.COM
Mongabay.com seeks to raise interest in and appreciation of wild lands and wildlife, while examining the impact of emerging trends in climate, technology, economics, and finance on conservation and development (more)
WEEKLY NEWSLETTER
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Ghana
Index
Ghana-Language Diversity
Ghana-GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
Ghana-World War I
Ghana-NATIONAL SECURITY
Ghana-Britain and the Gold Coast: The Early Years
Ghana-Early European Contact and the Slave Trade ARRIVAL OF THE EUROPEANS
Ghana-The 1979 Coup and the First Rawlings Government
Ghana-Chapter 3 - The Economy
Ghana-ETHNIC GROUPS AND LANGUAGES
Ghana-ARMED FORCES' MISSION, ORGANIZATION, AND STRENGTH
Ghana-Syncretic Religion
Ghana-Traditional Patterns of Social Relations
Ghana-AGRICULTURE
Ghana-National Requirements
Ghana-STATE SECURITY SERVICES
Ghana-Britain
Ghana-Problems in Education
Ghana-Other Commercial Crops
Ghana-The High Plains
Ghana-MINING AND PETROLEUM INDUSTRIES
Ghana-Acknowledgments
Ghana-Climate
Ghana-INTERNATIONAL SECURITY CONCERNS
Ghana-GHANA AND THE RAWLINGS ERA
Ghana-Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Ghana-United States Israel
Ghana-International Organizations
Ghana-China
Ghana-Training
Ghana-LABOR FORCE
Ghana-Nkrumah, Ghana, and Africa
Ghana-Volta Basin
Ghana-Food Crops and Livestock
Ghana-Investment FOREIGN INVESTMENTS AND ASSISTANCE
Ghana-Urban Society
Ghana-HUMAN RIGHTS
Ghana-Political Ferment Under the PNDC THE TRANSITION FROM MILITARY RULE TO DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
Ghana-FUTURE DEMOCRATIC PROSPECTS
Ghana-TRANSPORTATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Ghana-Introduction
Ghana-Parliamentary Elections
Ghana-State Enterprises
Ghana-Banking
Ghana-The Development of the Modern Army
Ghana-Regional and Local Government
Ghana-The Central Togo
Ghana-HEALTH AND WELFARE
Ghana-Morale
Ghana-Cocoa
Ghana-Electrical Power
Ghana-Chapter 1 - Historical Setting
Ghana-The Guan
Ghana-Traditional Religion
Ghana-Presidential Elections
Ghana-Geography
Ghana-THE PRECOLONIAL PERIOD
Ghana-Foreward
Ghana-Foreign Assistance and Loans
Ghana-Population Distribution
Ghana-The National Liberation Council, 1966-69 THE MILITARY AND THE GOVERNMENT
Ghana-Britain and the Commonwealth
Ghana -COUNTRY PROFILE
Ghana-The Education System
Ghana-SOCIAL WELFARE
Ghana-Prison System
Ghana-Roads and Railroads
Ghana-The Peoples of the North
Ghana-Adult Education
Ghana-Gross Domestic Product
Ghana-THE ARMED FORCES IN NATIONAL LIFE
Ghana-Early Manifestations of Nationalism
Ghana-Major Ethnic Groups
Ghana-Manganese
Ghana-Urban-Rural Disparities
Ghana-The Media
Ghana-Colonial Administration
Ghana-The Judiciary
Ghana-Guiding Principles and Objectives FOREIGN RELATIONS
Ghana-ECONOMY
Ghana-The Civil Service
Ghana-Manpower MILITARY MANPOWER, TRAINING, AND MORALE
Ghana-INDEPENDENT GHANA
Ghana-Social Change
Ghana-Nigeria
Ghana-The Second Coming of Rawlings: The First Six Years, 1982- 87
Ghana-Preface
Ghana-The Ewe
Ghana-ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT
Ghana-Relations with Immediate African Neighbors
Ghana-The Ga-Adangbe
Ghana-Akwapim-Togo Ranges
Ghana-THE FALL OF THE NKRUMAH REGIME AND ITS AFTERMATH
Ghana-GHANA
Ghana-Budgets
Ghana-Income and Wages
Ghana-Fishing
Ghana-Ashanti Uplands
Ghana-The 1981 Coup and the Second Rawlings Government
Ghana-Diamonds
Ghana-Ports and Shipping
Ghana-District Assembly Elections
Ghana-POPULATION
Ghana-BANKING AND CURRENCY
Ghana-The National Liberation Council and the Busia Years, 1966-71
Ghana-HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Ghana-Developing Democratic Institutions
Ghana-The Growth of Opposition to Nkrumah
Ghana-Launching the Fourth Republic POLITICAL DYNAMICS UNDER THE FOURTH REPUBLIC
Ghana-Other Countries
Ghana-Debt and Inflation
Ghana-SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE
Ghana-Balance of Trade and Payments
Ghana-Burkina
Ghana-THE PROVISIONAL NATIONAL DEFENCE COUNCIL
Ghana-World War II
Ghana-The Economic Recovery Program
Ghana-Telecommunications
Ghana-Charting the Political Transition
Ghana-Chapter 2 - Society and Its Environment
Ghana-TRANSPORTATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Ghana-Rivers and Lakes
Ghana-SOCIETY
Ghana-Civil Aviation
Ghana-The Political Scene Under the PNDC
Ghana-The 1992 Constitution THE FOURTH REPUBLIC
Ghana-Economic and Social Development
Ghana-Tourism
Ghana-Forestry
Ghana-The National Redemption Council Years, 1972-79
Ghana-The Acheampong Regime, 1972-78
Ghana
Ghana-Chapter 5 - National Security
Ghana-Interest Groups and National Politics
Ghana
Ghana-CRIMINAL JUSTICE
Ghana-GROWTH TRENDS AND POTENTIAL
Ghana-The Armed Forces in the Past
Ghana-OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT ECONOMY
Ghana-STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY
Ghana-THE GROWTH OF NATIONALISM AND THE END OF COLONIAL RULE
Ghana-The United States
Ghana-Christianity and Islam in Ghana
Ghana
Ghana-Soviet Union
Ghana-The Organization of African Unity and the Rest of Africa
Ghana-Revolutionary Organs
Ghana-THE MILITARY AND THE ECONOMY
Ghana
Ghana-RELIGION AND SOCIETY
Ghana-Petroleum Exploration
Ghana-The Low Plains
Ghana-Table A - Chronology of Important Events
Ghana-Libya Italy
Ghana-Chapter 4 - Government and Politics
Ghana-German Democratic Republic
Ghana-Trade
Ghana-Gold
Ghana
Ghana-Currency
Ghana-The Asante Wars
Ghana-Location and Size PHYSICAL SETTING
Ghana-Canada
Ghana-The District Assemblies
Ghana-Health Care
Ghana
Ghana-The Akuffo Coup, 1978
Ghana-The Politics of the Independence Movements
Ghana-Uniforms, Ranks, and Insignia
Ghana-INTERNAL SECURITY CONCERNS
Ghana-FOREIGN MILITARY ASSISTANCE
Ghana
Ghana-Family Planning
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Background | | Formed from the merger of the British colony of the Gold Coast and the Togoland trust territory, Ghana in 1957 became the first sub-Saharan country in colonial Africa to gain its independence. Ghana endured a long series of coups before Lt. Jerry RAWLINGS took power in 1981 and banned political parties. After approving a new constitution and restoring multiparty politics in 1992, RAWLINGS won presidential elections in 1992 and 1996, but was constitutionally prevented from running for a third term in 2000. John KUFUOR succeeded him and was reelected in 2004. John Atta MILLS took over as head of state in early 2009.
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Location | | Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Cote d'Ivoire and Togo
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Area(sq km) | | total: 238,533 sq km
land: 227,533 sq km
water: 11,000 sq km
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Geographic coordinates | | 8 00 N, 2 00 W
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Land boundaries(km) | | total: 2,094 km
border countries: Burkina Faso 549 km, Cote d'Ivoire 668 km, Togo 877 km
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Coastline(km) | | 539 km
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Climate | | tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north
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Elevation extremes(m) | | lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Afadjato 880 m
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Natural resources | | gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubber, hydropower, petroleum, silver, salt, limestone
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Land use(%) | | arable land: 17.54%
permanent crops: 9.22%
other: 73.24% (2005)
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Irrigated land(sq km) | | 310 sq km (2003)
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Total renewable water resources(cu km) | | 53.2 cu km (2001)
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Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural) | | total: 0.98 cu km/yr (24%/10%/66%)
per capita: 44 cu m/yr (2000)
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Natural hazards | | dry, dusty, northeastern harmattan winds occur from January to March; droughts
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Environment - current issues | | recurrent drought in north severely affects agricultural activities; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; poaching and habitat destruction threatens wildlife populations; water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water
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Environment - international agreements | | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation
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Geography - note | | Lake Volta is the world's largest artificial lake
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Population | | 23,832,495
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2009 est.)
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Age structure(%) | | 0-14 years: 37.3% (male 4,503,331/female 4,393,104)
15-64 years: 59.1% (male 7,039,696/female 7,042,208)
65 years and over: 3.6% (male 393,364/female 460,792) (2009 est.)
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Median age(years) | | total: 20.7 years
male: 20.5 years
female: 21 years (2009 est.)
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Population growth rate(%) | | 1.882% (2009 est.)
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Birth rate(births/1,000 population) | | 28.58 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)
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Death rate(deaths/1,000 population) | | 9.24 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
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Net migration rate(migrant(s)/1,000 population) | | -0.53 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)
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Urbanization(%) | | urban population: 50% of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization: 3.5% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
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Sex ratio(male(s)/female) | | at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
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Infant mortality rate(deaths/1,000 live births) | | total: 51.09 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 55.32 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 46.74 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)
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Life expectancy at birth(years) | | total population: 59.85 years
male: 58.98 years
female: 60.75 years (2009 est.)
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Total fertility rate(children born/woman) | | 3.68 children born/woman (2009 est.)
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Nationality | | noun: Ghanaian(s)
adjective: Ghanaian
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Ethnic groups(%) | | Akan 45.3%, Mole-Dagbon 15.2%, Ewe 11.7%, Ga-Dangme 7.3%, Guan 4%, Gurma 3.6%, Grusi 2.6%, Mande-Busanga 1%, other tribes 1.4%, other 7.8% (2000 census)
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Religions(%) | | Christian 68.8% (Pentecostal/Charismatic 24.1%, Protestant 18.6%, Catholic 15.1%, other 11%), Muslim 15.9%, traditional 8.5%, other 0.7%, none 6.1% (2000 census)
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Languages(%) | | Asante 14.8%, Ewe 12.7%, Fante 9.9%, Boron (Brong) 4.6%, Dagomba 4.3%, Dangme 4.3%, Dagarte (Dagaba) 3.7%, Akyem 3.4%, Ga 3.4%, Akuapem 2.9%, other 36.1% (includes English (official)) (2000 census)
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Country name | | conventional long form: Republic of Ghana
conventional short form: Ghana
former: Gold Coast
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Government type | | constitutional democracy
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Capital | | name: Accra
geographic coordinates: 5 33 N, 0 13 W
time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
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Administrative divisions | | 10 regions; Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Central, Eastern, Greater Accra, Northern, Upper East, Upper West, Volta, Western
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Constitution | | approved 28 April 1992
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Legal system | | based on English common law and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
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Suffrage | | 18 years of age; universal
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Executive branch | | chief of state: President John Evans Atta MILLS (since 7 January 2009); Vice President John Dramani MAHAMA (since 7 January 2009); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President John Evans Atta MILLS (since 7 January 2009); Vice President John Dramani MAHAMA (since 7 January 2009)
cabinet: Council of Ministers; president nominates members subject to approval by Parliament
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms (eligible for a second term); election last held 7 December 2008 with a second round held 28 December 2008 (next to be held 7 December 2012)
election results: John Evans Atta MILLS elected president in run-off election; percent of vote - John Evans Atta MILLS 50.23%, Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO 49.77%
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Legislative branch | | unicameral Parliament (230 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 7 December 2008 (next to be held 7 December 2012)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NDC 114, NPP 107, PNC 2, CPP 1, independent 4, other 2
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Judicial branch | | Supreme Court
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Political pressure groups and leaders | | Christian Aid (water rights); Committee for Joint Action or CJA (education reform); National Coalition Against the Privatization of Water or CAP (water rights); Oxfam (water rights); Public Citizen (water rights); Students Coalition Against EPA [Kwabena Ososukene OKAI] (education reform); Third World Network (education reform)
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International organization participation | | ACP, AfDB, AU, C, ECOWAS, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURCAT, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OAS (observer), OIF (associate member), OPCW, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNITAR, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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Flag description | | three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green, with a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Bolivia, which has a coat of arms centered in the yellow band
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Economy - overview | | Well endowed with natural resources, Ghana has roughly twice the per capita output of the poorest countries in West Africa. Even so, Ghana remains heavily dependent on international financial and technical assistance. Gold and cocoa production, and individual remittances, are major sources of foreign exchange. The domestic economy continues to revolve around agriculture, which accounts for about 35% of GDP and employs about 55% of the work force, mainly small landholders. Ghana signed a Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) Compact in 2006, which aims to assist in transforming Ghana's agricultural sector. Ghana opted for debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) program in 2002, and is also benefiting from the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative that took effect in 2006. Thematic priorities under its current Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy, which also provides the framework for development partner assistance, are: macroeconomic stability; private sector competitiveness; human resource development; and good governance and civic responsibility. Sound macro-economic management along with high prices for gold and cocoa helped sustain GDP growth in 2008.
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GDP (purchasing power parity) | | $34.52 billion (2008 est.)
$32.17 billion (2007 est.)
$30.27 billion (2006 est.)
note: data are in 2008 US dollars
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GDP (official exchange rate) | | $16.65 billion (2008 est.)
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GDP - real growth rate(%) | | 7.3% (2008 est.)
6.3% (2007 est.)
6.4% (2006 est.)
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GDP - per capita (PPP) | | $1,500 (2008 est.)
$1,400 (2007 est.)
$1,300 (2006 est.)
note: data are in 2008 US dollars
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GDP - composition by sector(%) | | agriculture: 37.3%
industry: 25.3%
services: 37.5% (2006 est.)
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Labor force | | 10.12 million (2008 est.)
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Labor force - by occupation(%) | | agriculture: 56%
industry: 15%
services: 29% (2005 est.)
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Unemployment rate(%) | | 11% (2000 est.)
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Population below poverty line(%) | | 28.5% (2007 est.)
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Household income or consumption by percentage share(%) | | lowest 10%: 2%
highest 10%: 32.8% (2006)
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Distribution of family income - Gini index | | 39.4 (2005-06)
40.7 (1999)
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Investment (gross fixed)(% of GDP) | | 32.1% of GDP (2008 est.)
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Budget | | revenues: $5.256 billion
expenditures: $7.492 billion (2008 est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices)(%) | | 16.5% (2008 est.)
10.7% (2007 est.)
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Stock of money | | $NA (31 December 2008)
$2.179 billion (31 December 2006)
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Stock of quasi money | | $NA (31 December 2008)
$2.174 billion (31 December 2006)
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Stock of domestic credit | | $4.179 billion (31 December 2006)
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Market value of publicly traded shares | | $3.394 billion (31 December 2008)
$2.38 billion (31 December 2007)
$3.233 billion (31 December 2006)
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Economic aid - recipient | | $1.316 billion in loans and grants (2007)
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Public debt(% of GDP) | | 53.8% of GDP (2008 est.)
58.5% of GDP (2007 est.)
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Agriculture - products | | cocoa, rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, corn, shea nuts, bananas; timber
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Industries | | mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, aluminum smelting, food processing, cement, small commercial ship building
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Industrial production growth rate(%) | | 8.1% (2008 est.)
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Current account balance | | -$3.471 billion (2008 est.)
-$1.717 billion (2007 est.)
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Exports | | $5.275 billion (2008 est.)
$4.172 billion (2007 est.)
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Exports - commodities(%) | | gold, cocoa, timber, tuna, bauxite, aluminum, manganese ore, diamonds, horticulture
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Exports - partners(%) | | Netherlands 13.5%, Ukraine 11.8%, UK 8%, France 5.7%, US 5.2% (2008)
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Imports | | $10.26 billion (2008 est.)
$8.066 billion (2007 est.)
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Imports - commodities(%) | | capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs
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Imports - partners(%) | | China 15.6%, Nigeria 14.7%, India 7.4%, US 5.5%, France 4.4%, UK 4.4% (2008)
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold | | $2.028 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$2.831 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
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Debt - external | | $5.055 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$4.891 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
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Stock of direct foreign investment - at home | | $NA
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Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad | | $NA
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Exchange rates | | cedis (GHC) per US dollar - 1.1 (2008 est.), 0.95 (2007), 9,174.8 (2006), 9,072.5 (2005), 9,004.6 (2004)
note: in 2007 Ghana revalued its currency with 10,000 old cedis equal to 1 new cedis
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Currency (code) | | Ghana cedi (GHC)
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Telephones - main lines in use | | 143,900 (2008)
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Telephones - mobile cellular | | 11.57 million (2008)
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Telephone system | | general assessment: outdated and unreliable fixed-line infrastructure heavily concentrated in Accra; competition among multiple mobile-cellular providers has spurred growth with a subscribership of 50 per 100 persons and rising
domestic: primarily microwave radio relay; wireless local loop has been installed
international: country code - 233; landing point for the SAT-3/WASC fiber-optic submarine cable that provides connectivity to Europe and Asia; satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); microwave radio relay link to Panaftel system connects Ghana to its neighbors (2008)
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Internet country code | | .gh
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Internet users | | 997,000 (2008)
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Airports | | 11 (2009)
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Pipelines(km) | | oil 5 km; refined products 309 km (2008)
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Roadways(km) | | total: 62,221 km
paved: 9,955 km
unpaved: 52,266 km (2006)
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Ports and terminals | | Tema
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Military branches | | Ghanaian Army, Ghanaian Navy, Ghanaian Air Force (2008)
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Military service age and obligation(years of age) | | 18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2008)
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Manpower available for military service | | males age 16-49: 5,802,096
females age 16-49: 5,729,939 (2008 est.)
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Manpower fit for military service | | males age 16-49: 3,849,113
females age 16-49: 3,840,083 (2009 est.)
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Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually | | male: 272,954
female: 266,186 (2009 est.)
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Military expenditures(% of GDP) | | 0.8% of GDP (2006 est.)
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Disputes - international | | Ghana struggles to accommodate returning nationals who worked in the cocoa plantations and escaped fighting in Cote d'Ivoire
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Refugees and internally displaced persons | | refugees (country of origin): 35,653 (Liberia); 8,517 (Togo) (2007)
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Electricity - production(kWh) | | 6.746 billion kWh (2007 est.)
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Electricity - production by source(%) | | fossil fuel: 5%
hydro: 95%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)
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Electricity - consumption(kWh) | | 5.702 billion kWh (2007 est.)
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Electricity - exports(kWh) | | 249 million kWh (2007 est.)
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Electricity - imports(kWh) | | 435 million kWh (2007 est.)
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Oil - production(bbl/day) | | 7,399 bbl/day (2008 est.)
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Oil - consumption(bbl/day) | | 56,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)
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Oil - exports(bbl/day) | | 4,843 bbl/day (2007 est.)
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Oil - imports(bbl/day) | | 45,380 bbl/day (2007 est.)
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Oil - proved reserves(bbl) | | 15 million bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
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Natural gas - production(cu m) | | 0 cu m (2008 est.)
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Natural gas - consumption(cu m) | | 0 cu m (2008 est.)
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Natural gas - exports(cu m) | | 0 cu m (2008)
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Natural gas - proved reserves(cu m) | | 22.65 billion cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate(%) | | 1.9% (2007 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS | | 260,000 (2007 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - deaths | | 21,000 (2007 est.)
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Major infectious diseases | | degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
animal contact disease: rabies
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
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Literacy(%) | | definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 57.9%
male: 66.4%
female: 49.8% (2000 census)
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School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)(years) | | total: 9 years
male: 10 years
female: 9 years (2007)
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Education expenditures(% of GDP) | | 5.4% of GDP (2005)
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