South Africa - REFERENCE

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South Africa - Appendix. Tables

South Africa - Bibliography

Adam, Heribert, and Kogila Moodley. The Negotiated Revolution: Society and Politics in Post-Apartheid South Africa. Johannesburg: Ball, 1993.

Beinart, William. Twentieth-Century South Africa. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

Berger, Nathan. Chapters from South African History, Jewish and General. Johannesburg: Kayor, 1982.

Berger, Peter L., and Bobby Godsell, eds. A Future South Africa: Visions, Strategies, and Realities. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1988.

Bergh, J.S., and J.C. Visagie. The Eastern Cape Frontier Zone, 1660-1980: A Cartographic Guide for Historical Research. Durban: Butterworths, 1985.

Beukes, Piet. The Religious Smuts. Cape Town: Human and Rousseau, 1994.

Bickford-Smith, Vivian. "South African Urban History, Racial Segregation and the 'Unique' Case of Cape Town?" Journal of Southern African Studies [Oxford], 21, No. 1, March 1995, 63-78.

Bonner, Philip L. Kings, Commoners, and Concessionaires: The Evolution and Dissolution of the Nineteenth-Century Swazi State. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983.

Bouch, Richard. "Glen Grey Before Cecil Rhodes: How a Crisis of Local Colonial Authority Led to the Glen Grey Act of 1894," Canadian Journal of African Studies [Toronto], 27, No. 1, Winter 1993, 1-24.

Bradford, Helen. A Taste of Freedom: The ICU in Rural South Africa, 1924-1930. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987.

Bradford, Mary, and Richard Bradford, eds. An American Family on the African Frontier: The Burnham Family Letters, 1893-1896. Niwot, Colorado: Roberts Rinehart, 1993.

Bradlow, Frank R. Francis Masson's Account of Three Journeys at the Cape of Good Hope, 1772-1775. Cape Town: Tablecloth Press, 1994.

Breytenbach, Cloete. The New South Africa: The Zulu Factor. Montagu, South Africa: Luga, 1991.

Bundy, Colin. The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.

Castle, Ian, and Ian Knight. Fearful Hard Times: The Siege of and Relief of Eshowe, Anglo-Zulu War, 1879. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, 1994.

Cohen, Robin, Yvonne Muthien, and Abede Zegeye, eds. Repression and Resistance: Insiders' Accounts of Apartheid. London: Zell, for the Centre for Modern African Studies, 1990.

Cope, Nicholas. To Bind the Nation: Solomon Kadinuzulu and Zulu Nationalism, 1913-1933. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press, 1993.

Dalby, David, ed. Language and History in Africa. London: Cass, 1970.

de Klerk, Willem A. The Puritans in Africa: The Story of Afrikanerdom. London: Collings, 1975.

Eilersen, Gillian Stead. "Historical Roots and Rural African Culture as Part of Bessie Head's Frame of Reference." Pages 173-83 in Raoul Granqvist, ed., Culture in Africa: An Appeal for Pluralism. Seminar Proceedings, No. 29. Uppsala, Sweden: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1993.

Eldredge, Elizabeth A. "Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa, ca. 1800-1830: The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered," Journal of African History [Cambridge], 33, April 1992, 1-35.

Eldredge, Elizabeth A. A South African Kingdom: The Pursuit of Security in Nineteenth Century Lesotho. African Studies Series, No. 78. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Elliott, Aubrey. Zulu: Heritage of a Nation. Cape Town: Struik, 1991.

Elphick, Richard. Kraal and Castle: Khoikhoi and the Founding of White South Africa. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977.

Elphick, Richard, and Hermann B. Giliomee, eds. The Shaping of South African Society, 1652-1840. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press, 1989.

Engels, Dagmar, and Shula Marks, eds. Contesting Colonial Hegemony: State and Society in Africa and India. New York: Tauris, 1994.

Fage, John D., and Roland Oliver, eds. The Cambridge History of Africa. 8 vols. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1975-1986.

February, Vernon. The Afrikaners of South Africa. New York: Paul International, 1991.

Gerhart, Gail M. Black Power in South Africa: The Evolution of an Ideology. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.

Golan, Daphna. Inventing Shaka: Using History in the Construction of Zulu Nationalism. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner, 1994.

Granqvist, Raoul, ed. Culture in Africa: An Appeal for Pluralism. Seminar Proceedings, No. 29. Uppsala, Sweden: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1993.

Guelke, Leonard, and Robert Shell. "Landscape of Conquest: Frontier Water Alienation and Khoikhoi Strategies of Survival, 1652-1780," Journal of Southern African Studies [Oxford], 18, No. 4, December 1992, 803-24.

Gutteridge, William F., ed., with contributions by Deon Geldenhuys and David Simon. South Africa: From Apartheid to National Unity, 1981-1994. Brookfield, Vermont: Dartmouth, 1995.

Guy, Jeffrey. The Destruction of the Zulu Kingdom: The Civil War in Zululand, 1879-1884. London: Longman, 1979.

Hall, Martin. Farmers, Kings, and Traders: The Peopling of Southern Africa, 200-1860. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.

Hallencreutz, Carl F. "Thomas Mofolo and Nelson Mandela on King Shaka and Dingane." Pages 185-93 in Raoul Granqvist, ed., Culture in Africa: An Appeal for Pluralism. Seminar Proceedings, No. 29. Uppsala, Sweden: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1993.

Hallencreutz, Carl F., and Mai Palmberg, eds. Religion and Politics in Southern Africa. Uppsala, Sweden: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1991.

Hamill, James. "South Africa and the Commonwealth: The Years of Acrimony," Contemporary Review [Surrey], 267, No. 1554, July 1995, 13-22.

Hanlon, Joseph. Apartheid's Second Front: South Africa's War Against Its Neighbours. New York: Penguin, 1986.

Head, Bessie. Tales of Tenderness and Power. London: Heinemann International, 1990.

Hill, Iris Tillman, and Alex Harris, eds. Beyond the Barricades: Popular Resistance in South Africa. New York: Aperture, 1989.

Horrell, Muriel, comp. Laws Affecting Race Relations in South Africa. Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations, 1978.

Houghton, D. Hobart, and Jenifer Dagut. Source Material on the South African Economy, 1860-1970. 3 vols. New York: Oxford University Press, 1972-73.

Human Rights Watch/Africa. South Africa: Impunity for Human Rights Abuses in Two Homelands: Reports on KwaZulu and Bophuthatswana. New York: 1994.

Inskeep, R. R. The Peopling of Southern Africa. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1979.

Johns, Sheridan, and R. Hunt Davis, eds. Mandela, Tambo, and the African National Congress: The Struggle Against Apartheid, 1948-1990: A Documentary Survey. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.

Johnston, Alexander. "South Africa: The Election and the Transition Process: Five Contradictions in Search of a Resolution," Third World Quarterly [London], 15, No. 2, June 1994, 187-204.

Juckes, Tim J. Opposition in South Africa: The Leadership of Z. K. Matthews, Nelson Mandela, and Stephen Biko. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 1995.

Kaarsholm, Preben, ed. Cultural Struggle and Development in Southern Africa. Harare, Zimbabwe: Baobab Books, 1991.

Karis, Thomas, and Gwendolen M. Carter. From Protest to Challenge: A Documentary History of African Politics in South Africa, 1882-1964. 4 vols. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1972-1977.

Knight, Ian. The Anatomy of the Zulu Army: From Shaka to Cetshwayo, 1818-1879. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, 1995.

Knight, Ian. Zulu: The Study of a Nation Built on War. New York: Sterling, 1994.

Kwamena-Poh, Michael A., et al. African History in Maps. Essex, United Kingdom: Longman, 1982.

Labour and Community Resources Project. Freedom from Below: The Struggle for Trade Unions in South Africa. Braamfontein: Skotaville Educational, 1989.

Lelyveld, Joseph. Move Your Shadow: South Africa, Black and White. New York: Time Books, 1985.

Lock, Ron. Blood on the Painted Mountain: Zulu Victory and Defeat, Hlobane, and Kambula, 1879. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, 1995.

Lodge, Tom. Black Politics in South Africa since 1945. London: Longman, 1983.

McCracken, J.L. New Light at the Cape of Good Hope: William Porter, the Father of Cape Liberalism. Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation, 1993.

MacMillan, Hugh. "Return to the Malungwana Drift--Max Gluckman, the Zulu Nation, and the Common Society," African Affairs [London], 94, No. 374, January 1995, 39-65.

Makhura, Tlou John. "Another Road to the Raid: The Neglected Role of the Boer-Bagananwa as a Factor in the Coming of the Jameson Raid, 1894-1895," Journal of Southern African Studies [Oxford], 21, No. 2, June 1995, 257-68.

Mandela, Nelson. How Far We Slaves Have Come! South Africa and Cuba in Today's World. New York: Pathfinder, 1991.

Mandela, Nelson. Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela. Boston: Little, Brown, 1994.

Mandela, Nelson. The Struggle Is My Life. 3d ed. New York: Pathfinder, 1990.

Mandela, Nelson, et al. Voices from Robben Island. Jurgen Schadeberg, comp. Randburg: Ravan Press, 1994.

Marks, Shula. The Ambiguities of Dependence in South Africa: Class, Nationalism, and the State in Twentieth-Century Natal. Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1986.

Marks, Shula, and Anthony Atmore. "The Problem of the Nguni: An Examination of the Ethnic and Linguistic Situation in South Africa Before the Mfecane." Pages 120-32 in David Dalby, ed., Language and History in Africa. London: Cass, 1970.

Marks, Shula, and Anthony Atmore, eds. Economy and Society in Pre-Industrial South Africa. London: Longman, 1980.

Marks, Shula, and Richard Rathbone, eds. Industrialisation and Social Change in South Africa: African Class Formation, Culture, and Consciousness, 1870-1930. New York: Longman, 1982.

Marks, Shula, and Stanley Trapido, eds. The Politics of Race, Class, and Nationalism in Twentieth-Century South Africa. New York: Longman, 1982.

Maylam, Paul. A History of the African People of South Africa: From the Early Iron Age to the 1970s. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986.

Meli, Francis. A History of the ANC: South Africa Belongs to Us. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988.

Miller, Carman. Painting the Map Red: Canada and the South African War, 1899-1902. Canadian War Museum Historical Publication No. 28. Montreal: Canadian War Museum and McGill-Queen's University Press, 1993.

Moleah, Alfred Tokollo. South Africa: Colonialism, Apartheid, and African Dispossession. Wilmington, Delaware: Disa Press, 1993.

Moodie, T. Dunbar. The Rise of Afrikanerdom: Power, Apartheid, and the Afrikaner Civil Religion. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975.

Morris, Donald R. The Washing of the Spears: A History of the Rise of the Zulu Nation under Shaka and Its Fall in the Zulu War of 1879. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965.

Mutunhu, Tendai. "Lobengula and the Matebele Nation: His Monarchial Rise and Relations with Missionaries, Boers, and the British," Journal of Southern African Affairs, 5, No. 1, January 1980, 5-22.

Nzuwah, Mariyawanda, ed. The OAU on Southern Africa: Resolutions and Declarations of the Organization of African Unity on Southern Africa. Washington: Southern Africa Technologies, 1980.

Odendaal, Andr�. Black Protest Politics in South Africa to 1912. Totowa, New Jersey: Barnes and Noble, 1984.

O'Meara, Dan. Volkskapitalisme: Class, Capital, and Ideology in the Development of Afrikaner Nationalism, 1934-1948. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983.

Omer-Cooper, John D. History of Southern Africa. 2d ed. London and Portsmouth, New Hampshire: Currey and Heinemann, 1994.

Omer-Cooper, John D. The Zulu Aftermath: A Nineteenth-Century Revolution in Bantu Africa. London: Longman, 1966.

Ottaway, David. Chained Together: Mandela, De Klerk, and the Struggle to Remake South Africa. New York: Time Books, 1993.

Ottaway, Marina. South Africa: The Struggle for a New Order. Washington: Brookings Institution, 1993.

Peires, Jeffrey B. The Dead Will Arise: Nongqawuse and the Great Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement of 1856-7. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989.

Peires, Jeffrey B. The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence. Perspectives on Southern Africa, No. 32. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982.

Price, Robert M. The Apartheid State in Crisis: Political Transformation in South Africa: 1975-1990. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.

Rasmussen, R. Kent. Migrant Kingdom: Mzilikazi's Ndebele in South Africa. Cape Town: Philip, 1978.

Reader's Digest Association. Illustrated History of South Africa: The Real Story. Pleasantville, New York: 1989.

Roberts, Jack. Nelson Mandela: Determined to Be Free. Brookfield, Connecticut: Millbrook Press, 1995.

Roux, Edward. Time Longer Than Rope: A History of the Black Man's Struggle for Freedom in South Africa. London: Gollancz, 1948. Reprint. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1964.

Saunders, Christopher C., ed. An Illustrated Dictionary of South African History. Sandton, South Africa: Ibis Books and Editorial Services, 1994.

Saunders, Frederick. Mafeking Memories. Ed., Phillip Thurmond Smith. Cranbury, New Jersey: Associated University Presses, 1996.

Schneidman, Witney W. Postapartheid South Africa: Steps Taken, the Path Ahead. CSIS Africa Notes, No. 156. Washington: Center for Strategic and International Studies, January 1994.

Shillington, Kevin. History of Southern Africa. Burnt Mill, United Kingdom: Longman, 1987.

Sparks, Allister. The Mind of South Africa: The Story of the Rise and Fall of Apartheid. New York: Knopf, 1990.

Stanley, Diane, and Peter Vennema. Shaka: King of the Zulus. New York: Mulberry Books, 1994.

Stock, Robert. Africa South of the Sahara: A Geographical Interpretation. New York: Guilford Press, 1995.

Tamarkin, Michael. Cecil Rhodes and the Cape Afrikaners: The Imperial Colossus and the Colonial Parish Pump. Portland, Oregon: Cass, 1995.

Taylor, Stephen. Shaka's Children: A History of the Zulu People. London: Harper Collins, 1994.

Thompson, Leonard M. A History of South Africa. Rev. ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.

Thompson, Leonard M. The Political Mythology of Apartheid. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985.

Thompson, Leonard M. Survival in Two Worlds: Moshoeshoe of Lesotho, 1786-1870. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975.

United States Institute of Peace. South Africa: The National Peace Accord. Special Report, September 24, 1993. Washington: September, 1993.

van der Merwe, Petrus J. The Migrant Farmer in the History of the Cape Colony, 1657-1842. Trans., Roger B. Beck. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1995.

von der Ropp, Klaus. "'Outbreak of Peace' in South Africa?" Aussenpolitik [English ed.] [Hamburg], 45, No. 4, December 1994, 383-91.

Walker, Eric. A History of Southern Africa. London: Longman, 1962.

Walshe, Peter. The Rise of African Nationalism in South Africa: The African National Congress, 1912-1952. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971.

Wilson, Francis. Labour in the South African Gold Mines, 1911-1969. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972.

Wilson, Monica Hunter, and Leonard M. Thompson, eds. The Oxford History of South Africa. 2 vols. New York: Oxford University Press, 1969, 1971.

Worden, Nigel. The Making of Modern South Africa: Conquest, Segregation, and Apartheid. 2d ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell, 1995.

Worden, Nigel. Slavery in Dutch South Africa. African Studies Series, No. 44. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

Worger, William H. South Africa's City of Diamonds: Mine Workers and Monopoly Capitalism in Kimberley, 1867-1895. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987.

South Africa

South Africa - Glossary

Afrikaner

South African of Dutch ancestry, often with German, French, or other European forebears; member of white community tracing its roots to the seventeenth-century Dutch settlers at the Cape of Good Hope.

apartheid

"Separateness," (Afrikaans, Dutch); policy implemented by National Party government (1948-94) to maintain separate development of government-demarcated racial groups; also referred to as "separate development," and later "multinational development"; abolished by Constitution of the Republic of South Africa of 1993.

Bantu

Literally, "human beings," in more than 300 Bantu languages of equatorial and southern Africa. Bantu languages are classified within the central branch of the Niger-Congo language family; characterized by a system of noun classes marked by prefixes, so that each dependent word in a sentence carries a prefix of the same class. Outsiders often simplify by omitting prefix; for example, the amaZulu (people) are known as the Zulu; their language, isiZulu, is also referred to as Zulu. Speakers of seSotho, the BaSotho, are often referred to simply as Sotho peoples. Four major subgroups of Bantu languages--Nguni, Sotho, Tsonga-Shangaan, and Venda--are widely represented in South Africa. They include nine of South Africa's official languages--isiXhosa, isiZulu, isiNdebele, sePedi, seSotho, seTswana, siSwati, tshiVenda (also luVenda), and xiTsonga. During the apartheid era, the term Bantu was often used in government regulations, official statements, and sometimes in conversation to designate people of black African descent. Because this group was particularly disadvantaged by apartheid, the term Bantu assumed pejorative connotations in many apartheid-era contexts.

Bantustan

An area reserved for an officially designated Bantu-speaking ethnic group during the apartheid era; a term generally supplanted by "homeland," national state, or self-governing state during the 1970s and 1980s.

Boer

Farmer (Afrikaans); generally used in eighteenth and nineteenth century to refer to white South African settlers of Dutch, German, and French Huguenot origin; generally supplanted by the term Afrikaner (q.v.) in the twentieth century. See also Trekboer.

coloureds

Those "of mixed race," in apartheid terminology; usually referred to people with African and Dutch ancestry.

European Community (EC)

See European Union (EU).

European Union (EU)

Formerly, the European Community (EC), established as the EU by the Treaty on European Union, November 1, 1993. The EU comprises three communities: the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Economic Community (EEC), and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). Each community is legally distinct, but since 1967 the three bodies have shared common governing institutions. The EU forms more than a framework for free trade and economic cooperation: EU signatories have agreed in principle to integrate their economies and ultimately to form a political union. EU members in early 1996 were Austria, Belgium, Britain, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and Sweden.

fiscal year (FY)

In South Africa, April 1-March 31. For example, FY 1997-98 includes the period from April 1, 1997, to March 31, 1998.

gross domestic product (GDP)

A measure of the total value of goods and services produced by a domestic national economy during a given period, usually one year. Obtained by adding the value contributed by each sector of the economy in the form of profits, compensation to employees, and depreciation (consumption of capital). Only domestic production is included, not income arising from investments and possessions owned abroad, hence the use of the word domestic to distinguish GDP from the gross national product (GNP--q.v.). Real GDP is the value of GDP when inflation has been taken into account.

gross national product (GNP)

The total market value of all final goods and services produced by an economy during a year. Obtained by adding gross domestic product (GDP--q.v.) and the income received from abroad by residents and then subtracting payments remitted abroad to nonresidents. Real GNP is the value of GNP when inflation has been taken into account.

Highveld

High-altitude grassland, generally between 1,200 meters and 1,800 meters above sea level.

homeland or reserve

A primarily residential area set aside for a single officially designated black ethnic group during the apartheid era. Some of the ten homelands in the 1980s consisted of more than a dozen discrete segments of land. Homeland boundaries shifted as the government assigned additional groups of people to the often crowded homelands or as neighboring jurisdictions successfully pressed claims to territory within a homeland's boundary.

import substitution

An economic development strategy that emphasizes the growth of domestic industries, often by import protection using tariff and nontariff measures. Proponents favor the export of industrial goods over primary products.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Established along with the World Bank (q.v.) in 1945, the IMF is a specialized agency, affiliated with the United Nations, that is responsible for stabilizing international exchange rates and payments. The main business of the IMF is the provision of loans to its members (including industrialized and developing countries) when they experience balance of payments difficulties. These loans frequently carry conditions that require substantial internal economic adjustments by the recipients, most of which are developing countries.

lineage

A group, the members of which are descended through males from a common male ancestor (patrilineage) or through females from a common female ancestor (matrilineage). Such descent can in principle be traced.

mfecane

"Crushing" or "hammering" (isiZulu); refers to early nineteenth-century upheaval in southeastern Africa caused by expansion of Zulu society under the military leadership of Shaka and combined economic and population pressures throughout the region; difeqane, in seSotho.

parastatal

A semi-autonomous, quasi-governmental, state-owned enterprise.

Paris Club

Informal name for a consortium of Western creditor countries (Belgium, Britain, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States) that have made loans, or have guaranteed export credits, to developing nations and that meet in Paris to discuss borrowers' ability to repay debts. Paris Club deliberations often result in the tendering of emergency loans to countries in economic difficulty or in the rescheduling of debts. Formed in October 1962, the organization has no formal or institutional existence. Its secretariat is run by the French treasury. It has a close relationship with the International Monetary Fund (q.v.), to which all of its members except Switzerland belong, as well as with the World Bank (q.v.), and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). The Paris Club is also known as the Group of Ten (G-10).

polygynous

having more than one wife at the same time; polygynous marriages are allowed by tradition in many African societies.

rand (R)

Unit of currency. A decimal currency of 100 cents, the rand replaced the South African pound in 1961. The official exchange rate of the rand against the United States dollar was R1=US$1.40 until December 1971, and from September 1975 to January 1979, R1=US$1.15. From 1972 to 1975, and after 1979, the government allowed market forces to determine the value of the rand. The exchange rate averaged R3.55=US$1 in 1994 and R3.64=US$1 in 1995. On April 30, 1996, R4.34=US$1; conversely, R1= US$.23. Financial rands were issued only to foreign buyers for capital investment inside South Africa. They were available periodically until 1983 and again in September 1985, but were abolished in March 1995.

Rand

Local contraction of Witwatersrand (q.v.).

Trekboer

Migrant farmer, in Afrikaans; signifies participation in nineteenth-century population migrations eastward from the Cape of Good Hope. See also Boer.

Witwatersrand

Literally, "Ridge of White Waters" (Afrikaans), often shortened to Rand; mining region south of Johannesburg known primarily for rich deposits of gold and other minerals.

World Bank

Informal name used to designate a group of four affiliated international institutions that provide advice and assistance on long-term finance and policy issues to developing countries: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). The IBRD, established in 1945, has as its primary purpose the provision of loans at market-related rates of interest to developing countries at more advanced stages of development. The IDA, a legally separate loan fund administered by the staff of the IBRD, was set up in 1960 to furnish credits to the poorest developing countries on much easier terms than those of conventional IBRD loans. The IFC, founded in 1956, supplements the activities of the IBRD through loans and assistance designed specifically to encourage the growth of productive private enterprises in the less developed countries. The president and certain senior officers of the IBRD hold the same positions in the IFC. The MIGA, which began operating in June 1988, insures private foreign investment in developing countries against such noncommercial risks as expropriation, civil strife, and nonconvertibility of currency. The four institutions are owned by the governments of the countries that subscribe their capital. To participate in the World Bank, member states must first belong to the International Monetary Fund (q.v.).

South Africa

South Africa - Table of Selected Acronyms and Contractions

South Africa - Chronology of Important Events