Saudi Arabia-Chapter 1 - Historical Setting
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Background | | Saudi Arabia is the birthplace of Islam and home to Islam's two holiest shrines in Mecca and Medina. The king's official title is the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques. The modern Saudi state was founded in 1932 by ABD AL-AZIZ bin Abd al-Rahman AL SAUD (Ibn Saud) after a 30-year campaign to unify most of the Arabian Peninsula. A male descendent of Ibn Saud, his son ABDALLAH bin Abd al-Aziz, rules the country today as required by the country's 1992 Basic Law. Following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990, Saudi Arabia accepted the Kuwaiti royal family and 400,000 refugees while allowing Western and Arab troops to deploy on its soil for the liberation of Kuwait the following year. The continuing presence of foreign troops on Saudi soil after the liberation of Kuwait became a source of tension between the royal family and the public until all operational US troops left the country in 2003. Major terrorist attacks in May and November 2003 spurred a strong on-going campaign against domestic terrorism and extremism. King ABDALLAH has continued the cautious reform program begun when he was crown prince. To promote increased political participation, the government held elections nationwide from February through April 2005 for half the members of 179 municipal councils. In December 2005, King ABDALLAH completed the process by appointing the remaining members of the advisory municipal councils. The king instituted an Inter-Faith Dialogue initiative in 2008 to encourage religious tolerance on a global level; in February 2009, he reshuffled the cabinet, which led to more moderates holding ministerial and judicial positions, and appointed the first female to the cabinet. The country remains a leading producer of oil and natural gas and holds more than 20% of the world's proven oil reserves. The government continues to pursue economic reform and diversification, particularly since Saudi Arabia's accession to the WTO in December 2005, and promotes foreign investment in the kingdom. A burgeoning population, aquifer depletion, and an economy largely dependent on petroleum output and prices are all ongoing governmental concerns.
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Location | | Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, north of Yemen
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Area(sq km) | | total: 2,149,690 sq km
land: 2,149,690 sq km
water: 0 sq km
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Geographic coordinates | | 25 00 N, 45 00 E
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Land boundaries(km) | | total: 4,431 km
border countries: Iraq 814 km, Jordan 744 km, Kuwait 222 km, Oman 676 km, Qatar 60 km, UAE 457 km, Yemen 1,458 km
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Coastline(km) | | 2,640 km
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Climate | | harsh, dry desert with great temperature extremes
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Elevation extremes(m) | | lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m
highest point: Jabal Sawda' 3,133 m
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Natural resources | | petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper
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Land use(%) | | arable land: 1.67%
permanent crops: 0.09%
other: 98.24% (2005)
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Irrigated land(sq km) | | 16,200 sq km (2003)
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Total renewable water resources(cu km) | | 2.4 cu km (1997)
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Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural) | | total: 17.32 cu km/yr (10%/1%/89%)
per capita: 705 cu m/yr (2000)
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Natural hazards | | frequent sand and dust storms
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Environment - current issues | | desertification; depletion of underground water resources; the lack of perennial rivers or permanent water bodies has prompted the development of extensive seawater desalination facilities; coastal pollution from oil spills
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Environment - international agreements | | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
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Geography - note | | extensive coastlines on Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through Persian Gulf and Suez Canal
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Population | | 28,686,633
note: includes 5,576,076 non-nationals (July 2009 est.)
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Age structure(%) | | 0-14 years: 38% (male 5,557,453/female 5,340,614)
15-64 years: 59.5% (male 9,608,032/female 7,473,543)
65 years and over: 2.5% (male 363,241/female 343,750) (2009 est.)
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Median age(years) | | total: 21.6 years
male: 22.9 years
female: 19.9 years (2009 est.)
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Population growth rate(%) | | 1.848% (2009 est.)
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Birth rate(births/1,000 population) | | 28.55 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)
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Death rate(deaths/1,000 population) | | 2.47 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
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Net migration rate(migrant(s)/1,000 population) | | -7.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)
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Urbanization(%) | | urban population: 82% of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization: 2.5% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
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Sex ratio(male(s)/female) | | at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.29 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.06 male(s)/female
total population: 1.18 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
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Infant mortality rate(deaths/1,000 live births) | | total: 11.57 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 13.15 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 9.91 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)
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Life expectancy at birth(years) | | total population: 76.3 years
male: 74.23 years
female: 78.48 years (2009 est.)
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Total fertility rate(children born/woman) | | 3.83 children born/woman (2009 est.)
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Nationality | | noun: Saudi(s)
adjective: Saudi or Saudi Arabian
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Ethnic groups(%) | | Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%
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Religions(%) | | Muslim 100%
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Languages(%) | | Arabic
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Country name | | conventional long form: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
conventional short form: Saudi Arabia
local long form: Al Mamlakah al Arabiyah as Suudiyah
local short form: Al Arabiyah as Suudiyah
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Government type | | monarchy
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Capital | | name: Riyadh
geographic coordinates: 24 38 N, 46 43 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
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Administrative divisions | | 13 provinces (mintaqat, singular - mintaqah); Al Bahah, Al Hudud ash Shamaliyah (Northern Border), Al Jawf, Al Madinah, Al Qasim, Ar Riyad (Riyadh), Ash Sharqiyah (Eastern), 'Asir, Ha'il, Jizan, Makkah, Najran, Tabuk
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Constitution | | governed according to Islamic law; the Basic Law that articulates the government's rights and responsibilities was promulgated by royal decree in 1992
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Legal system | | based on sharia law, several secular codes have been introduced; commercial disputes handled by special committees; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
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Suffrage | | 21 years of age; male
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Executive branch | | chief of state: King and Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (since 1 August 2005); Heir Apparent Crown Prince SULTAN bin Abd al- Aziz Al Saud (half brother of the monarch); note - the monarch is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: King and Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (since 1 August 2005); Deputy Prime Minister SULTAN bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud; Second Deputy Prime Minister NAYIF bin Abd Al-Aziz Al Saud
cabinet: Council of Ministers is appointed by the monarch every four years and includes many royal family members
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; note - a new Allegiance Commission created by royal decree in October 2006 established a committee of Saudi princes that will play a role in selecting future Saudi kings, but the new system will not take effect until after Crown Prince Sultan becomes king
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Legislative branch | | Consultative Council or Majlis al-Shura (150 members and a chairman appointed by the monarch for four-year terms); note - though the Council of Ministers announced in October 2003 its intent to introduce elections for half of the members of local and provincial assemblies and a third of the members of the national Consultative Council or Majlis al-Shura incrementally over a period of four to five years, to date no such elections have been held or announced
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Judicial branch | | Supreme Council of Justice
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Political pressure groups and leaders | | Ansar Al Marah (supports women's rights)
other: gas companies; religious groups
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International organization participation | | ABEDA, AfDB (nonregional member), AFESD, AMF, BIS, FAO, G-20, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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Flag description | | green, a traditional color in Islamic flags, with the Shahada or Muslim creed in large white Arabic script (translated as "There is no god but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God") above a white horizontal saber (the tip points to the hoist side); design dates to the early twentieth century and is closely associated with the Al Saud family which established the kingdom in 1932
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Economy - overview | | Saudi Arabia has an oil-based economy with strong government controls over major economic activities. It possesses more than 20% of the world's proven petroleum reserves, ranks as the largest exporter of petroleum, and plays a leading role in OPEC. The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 80% of budget revenues, 45% of GDP, and 90% of export earnings. About 40% of GDP comes from the private sector. Roughly 6.4 million foreign workers play an important role in the Saudi economy, particularly in the oil and service sectors. High oil prices through mid-2008 have boosted growth, government revenues, and Saudi ownership of foreign assets, while enabling Riyadh to pay down domestic debt. The government is encouraging private sector growth - especially in power generation, telecommunications, natural gas exploration, and petrochemicals - to lessen the kingdom's dependence on oil exports and to increase employment opportunities for the swelling Saudi population, nearly 40% of which are youths under 15 years old. Unemployment is high, and the large youth population generally lacks the education and technical skills the private sector needs. Riyadh has substantially boosted spending on job training and education, infrastructure development, and government salaries. As part of its effort to attract foreign investment and diversify the economy, Saudi Arabia acceded to the WTO in December 2005 after many years of negotiations. The government has announced plans to establish six "economic cities" in different regions of the country to promote development and diversification. The last five years of high oil prices have given the Kingdom ample financial reserves to manage the impact of the global financial crisis, but tight international credit, falling oil prices, and the global economic slowdown will reduce Saudi economic growth in 2009.
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GDP (purchasing power parity) | | $577.9 billion (2008 est.)
$553.5 billion (2007 est.)
$535.8 billion (2006 est.)
note: data are in 2008 US dollars
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GDP (official exchange rate) | | $469.4 billion (2008 est.)
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GDP - real growth rate(%) | | 4.4% (2008 est.)
3.3% (2007 est.)
3.1% (2006 est.)
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GDP - per capita (PPP) | | $20,500 (2008 est.)
$20,100 (2007 est.)
$19,800 (2006 est.)
note: data are in 2008 US dollars
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GDP - composition by sector(%) | | agriculture: 3.1%
industry: 61.9%
services: 35% (2008 est.)
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Labor force | | 6.74 million
note: about 80% of the labor force is non-national (2008 est.)
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Labor force - by occupation(%) | | agriculture: 6.7%
industry: 21.4%
services: 71.9% (2005 est.)
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Unemployment rate(%) | | 11.8% (2008 est.)
13% (2004 est.)
note: data are for Saudi males only (local bank estimates; some estimates range as high as 25%)
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Population below poverty line(%) | | NA%
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Household income or consumption by percentage share(%) | | lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
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Investment (gross fixed)(% of GDP) | | 19.4% of GDP (2008 est.)
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Budget | | revenues: $293.7 billion
expenditures: $136 billion (2008 est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices)(%) | | 9.9% (2008 est.)
4.1% (2007 est.)
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Stock of money | | $113.2 billion (31 December 2008)
$102.4 billion (31 December 2007)
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Stock of quasi money | | $134.3 billion (31 December 2008)
$109.5 billion (31 December 2007)
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Stock of domestic credit | | $NA (31 December 2008)
$66.94 billion (31 December 2007)
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Market value of publicly traded shares | | $246.3 billion (31 December 2008)
$515.1 billion (31 December 2007)
$326.9 billion (31 December 2006)
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Economic aid - recipient | | $26.29 million (2005)
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Public debt(% of GDP) | | 18.9% of GDP (2008 est.)
75% of GDP (2004 est.)
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Agriculture - products | | wheat, barley, tomatoes, melons, dates, citrus; mutton, chickens, eggs, milk
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Industries | | crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals, ammonia, industrial gases, sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), cement, fertilizer, plastics, metals, commercial ship repair, commercial aircraft repair, construction
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Industrial production growth rate(%) | | 2.4% (2008 est.)
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Current account balance | | $132.6 billion (2008 est.)
$96.77 billion (2007 est.)
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Exports | | $313.4 billion (2008 est.)
$234.1 billion (2007 est.)
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Exports - commodities(%) | | petroleum and petroleum products 90%
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Exports - partners(%) | | US 17.1%, Japan 15.2%, South Korea 10.1%, China 9.3%, India 7%, Singapore 4.4% (2008)
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Imports | | $108.3 billion (2008 est.)
$82.6 billion (2007 est.)
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Imports - commodities(%) | | machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, motor vehicles, textiles
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Imports - partners(%) | | US 12.2%, China 10.5%, Japan 7.7%, Germany 7.4%, South Korea 5.1%, Italy 4.8%, India 4.2%, UK 4.1% (2008)
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold | | $30.59 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$34.01 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
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Debt - external | | $82.13 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$58.6 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
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Stock of direct foreign investment - at home | | $108.5 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$92 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
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Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad | | $18.07 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$16.99 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
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Exchange rates | | Saudi riyals (SAR) per US dollar - 3.75 (2008 est.), 3.745 (2007), 3.745 (2006), 3.747 (2005), 3.75 (2004)
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Currency (code) | | Saudi riyal (SAR)
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Telephones - main lines in use | | 4.1 million (2008)
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Telephones - mobile cellular | | 36 million (2008)
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Telephone system | | general assessment: modern system
domestic: extensive microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable systems; mobile-cellular subscribership has been increasing rapidly
international: country code - 966; landing point for the international submarine cable Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) and for both the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks providing connectivity to Asia, Middle East, Europe, and US; microwave radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Yemen, and Sudan; coaxial cable to Kuwait and Jordan; satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (3 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean), 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region) (2008)
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Internet country code | | .sa
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Internet users | | 7.7 million (2008)
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Airports | | 217 (2009)
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Pipelines(km) | | condensate 212 km; gas 1,880 km; liquid petroleum gas 1,183 km; oil 4,239 km; refined products 1,148 km (2008)
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Roadways(km) | | total: 221,372 km
paved: 47,529 km (includes 3,891 km of expressways)
unpaved: 173,843 km (2006)
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Ports and terminals | | Ad Dammam, Al Jubayl, Jiddah, Yanbu' al Sinaiyah
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Military branches | | Ministry of Defense and Aviation Forces: Royal Saudi Land Forces, Royal Saudi Naval Forces (includes Marine Forces and Special Forces), Royal Saudi Air Force (Al-Quwwat al-Jawwiya al-Malakiya as-Sa'udiya), Royal Saudi Air Defense Forces, Royal Saudi Strategic Rocket Forces, Saudi Arabian National Guard (SANG)
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Military service age and obligation(years of age) | | 18 years of age (est.); no conscription (2004)
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Manpower available for military service | | males age 16-49: 8,547,441
females age 16-49: 6,381,098 (2008 est.)
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Manpower fit for military service | | males age 16-49: 7,486,622
females age 16-49: 5,652,819 (2009 est.)
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Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually | | male: 278,179
female: 267,905 (2009 est.)
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Military expenditures(% of GDP) | | 10% of GDP (2005 est.)
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Disputes - international | | Saudi Arabia has reinforced its concrete-filled security barrier along sections of the now fully demarcated border with Yemen to stem illegal cross-border activities; Kuwait and Saudi Arabia continue discussions on a maritime boundary with Iran
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Refugees and internally displaced persons | | refugees (country of origin): 240,015 (Palestinian Territories) (2007)
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Trafficking in persons | | current situation: Saudi Arabia is a destination country for workers from South and Southeast Asia who are subjected to conditions that constitute involuntary servitude including being subjected to physical and sexual abuse, non-payment of wages, confinement, and withholding of passports as a restriction on their movement; domestic workers are particularly vulnerable because some are confined to the house in which they work unable to seek help; Saudi Arabia is also a destination country for Nigerian, Yemeni, Pakistani, Afghan, Somali, Malian, and Sudanese children trafficked for forced begging and involuntary servitude as street vendors; some Nigerian women were reportedly trafficked into Saudi Arabia for commercial sexual exploitation
tier rating: Tier 3 - Saudi Arabia does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so; the government continues to lack adequate anti-trafficking laws and, despite evidence of widespread trafficking abuses, did not report any criminal prosecutions, convictions, or prison sentences for trafficking crimes committed against foreign domestic workers (2008)
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Electricity - production(kWh) | | 179.1 billion kWh (2007 est.)
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Electricity - production by source(%) | | fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)
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Electricity - consumption(kWh) | | 165.1 billion kWh (2007 est.)
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Electricity - exports(kWh) | | 0 kWh (2008 est.)
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Electricity - imports(kWh) | | 0 kWh (2008 est.)
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Oil - production(bbl/day) | | 10.78 million bbl/day (2008 est.)
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Oil - consumption(bbl/day) | | 2.38 million bbl/day (2008 est.)
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Oil - exports(bbl/day) | | 8.728 million bbl/day (2007 est.)
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Oil - imports(bbl/day) | | 79,250 bbl/day (2007 est.)
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Economic aid - donor | | since 2002, Saudi Arabia has provided more than $480 million in budgetary support to the Palestinian Authority, supported Palestinian refugees through contributions to the UN Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA), provided more than $250 million to Arab League funds for the Palestinians, and pledged $500 million in assistance over the next three years at the Donors Conference in Dec 2007; pledged $230 million to development in Afghanistan; pledged $1 billion in export guarantees and soft loans to Iraq; pledged $133 million in direct grant aid, $187 million in concessional loans, and $153 million in export credits for Pakistan earthquake relief; pledged a total of $1.59 billion to Lebanon in assistance and deposits to the Central Bank of Lebanon in 2006 and pledged an additional $1.1 billion in early 2007
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Oil - proved reserves(bbl) | | 266.7 billion bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
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Natural gas - production(cu m) | | 80.44 billion cu m (2008 est.)
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Natural gas - consumption(cu m) | | 80.44 billion cu m (2008 est.)
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Natural gas - exports(cu m) | | 0 cu m (2008)
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Natural gas - proved reserves(cu m) | | 7.319 trillion cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate(%) | | 0.01% (2001 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS | | NA
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HIV/AIDS - deaths | | NA
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Literacy(%) | | definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 78.8%
male: 84.7%
female: 70.8% (2003 est.)
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Education expenditures(% of GDP) | | 6.8% of GDP (2004)
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