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Nigeria Historical and Political Profile








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Nigeria Index

  • Nigeria-Women's Roles
  • Nigeria-WELFARE
  • Nigeria-THE FEDERAL MILITARY GOVERNMENT IN THE POSTWAR ERA
  • Nigeria-EDUCATION
  • Nigeria-Lugard and Indirect Rule
  • Nigeria-Arms Procurement and Defense Industries
  • Nigeria-Communications
  • Nigeria-Irrigation
  • Nigeria-COLONIAL NIGERIA
  • Nigeria-Roads
  • Nigeria-African and Regional Issues
  • Nigeria-The Northern Area
  • Nigeria-Fisheries
  • Nigeria-The 1964-65 Elections
  • Nigeria-Relations with Major Powers
  • Nigeria-Electric Power
  • Nigeria-Trade Unions
  • Nigeria-Organization, Mission, and Order of Battle
  • Nigeria-Climate
  • Nigeria-POPULATION
  • Nigeria-AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND FISHING
  • Nigeria-Early States Before 1500
  • Nigeria-The Yoruba Wars
  • Nigeria-BANKING, FINANCE, AND OTHER SERVICES
  • Nigeria-The Second Republic
  • Nigeria-Population Estimates and the Demographic Transition
  • Nigeria-The Gowon Regime
  • Nigeria-Crime and Punishment
  • Nigeria-Oil and Gas
  • Nigeria-Uniforms, Ranks, and Insignia
  • Nigeria-Abolition of the Slave Trade
  • Nigeria-The Savanna States, 1500-1800
  • Nigeria-Recruitment and Conditions of Service
  • Nigeria-The Igbo: A Stateless Society?
  • Nigeria-Extension of British Control
  • Nigeria-NATIONAL SECURITY ISSUES AND PERCEPTIONS
  • Nigeria-The Regime of Murtala Muhammad, 1975-76
  • Nigeria-Unemployment
  • Nigeria-THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT
  • Nigeria-Constitutional and Political Framework
  • Nigeria-Regional Groupings
  • Nigeria-MANUFACTURING
  • Nigeria-Training
  • Nigeria-Indigenous Beliefs
  • Nigeria-The Southern Area
  • Nigeria -Country Profile
  • Nigeria-Early Development
  • Nigeria-Chapter 3 - The Economy
  • Nigeria-RELIGION
  • Nigeria-The Third Republic
  • Nigeria-Civic Action and Veterans' Groups
  • Nigeria-Chapter 5 - National Security
  • Nigeria-Army
  • Nigeria-RETURN TO MILITARY RULE
  • Nigeria-NATIONAL SECURITY
  • Nigeria-Human Rights
  • Nigeria-Rural-Urban Linkages
  • Nigeria-EARLY HISTORY
  • Nigeria-Ethnic Relations
  • Nigeria-Introduction
  • Nigeria-Royal Niger Company
  • Nigeria-Attitudes Toward the Military
  • Nigeria-Usman dan Fodio and the Sokoto Caliphate
  • Nigeria-Census History
  • Nigeria-Labor Organizations
  • Nigeria-The Colonial Period
  • Nigeria-Relations with Neighboring States
  • Nigeria-Railroads
  • Nigeria-New State Movements
  • Nigeria-Economic Development
  • Nigeria-Military Capabilities
  • Nigeria-Foreword
  • Nigeria-GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
  • Nigeria-ECONOMY
  • Nigeria-The Obasanjo Regime, 1976-79
  • Nigeria-Professional Associations INTEREST GROUPS AND NATIONAL POLITICS
  • Nigeria-Other Interest Groups
  • Nigeria-URBANIZATION
  • Nigeria-Chapter 4 - Government and Politics
  • Nigeria-The Debt Overhang
  • Nigeria-Influence of the Christian Missions
  • Nigeria-Christianity
  • Nigeria-FEDERALISM AND INTRAGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS
  • Nigeria-Unification of Nigeria
  • Nigeria-Government Finance
  • Nigeria-Forestry
  • Nigeria-Chapter 2 - The Society and Its Environment
  • Nigeria-MILITARY INTERVENTION AND MILITARY RULE
  • Nigeria-Ports
  • Nigeria-Planning
  • Nigeria-FOREIGN RELATIONS
  • Nigeria-Labor Unions
  • Nigeria-Balance of Payments
  • Nigeria-Primary Health Care Policies
  • Nigeria-Relations with the Rest of Africa
  • Nigeria-Commodity Trade
  • Nigeria-Political Role of the Military
  • Nigeria-The Census Controversy
  • Nigeria-Acknowledgements
  • Nigeria-Early British Imperialism THE COLONIAL ECONOMIC LEGACY
  • Nigeria-National Economic Interests in the Postwar Period
  • Nigeria-TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
  • Nigeria-ETHNICITY
  • Nigeria-Social Structure
  • Nigeria-Nigeria
  • Nigeria-Internal Security Forces and Organizations
  • Nigeria-Crime, Corruption, and Political Turbulence
  • Nigeria-Transportation TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
  • Nigeria-Crops
  • Nigeria-EMERGENCE OF NIGERIAN NATIONALISM
  • Nigeria-Security and Anticrime Measures
  • Nigeria-MINING, PETROLEUM, AND ENERGY RESOURCES
  • Nigeria-ARMED FORCES AND SOCIETY
  • Nigeria-Civil War
  • Nigeria-Ministry of Internal Affairs
  • Nigeria
  • Nigeria-Student Associations
  • Nigeria
  • Nigeria-Nigeria Police Force
  • Nigeria-The Northern Kingdoms of the Savanna
  • Nigeria-Navy
  • Nigeria-THE FIRST REPUBLIC
  • Nigeria-INDEPENDENT NIGERIA
  • Nigeria-The 1966 Coups, Civil War, and Gowon's Government
  • Nigeria-The Media
  • Nigeria-Urbanization Since Independence
  • Nigeria-Preparations for the Return to Civilian Rule
  • Nigeria-Relations with International Organizations
  • Nigeria
  • Nigeria-THE CIVIL SERVICE
  • Nigeria-The Muhammad/Obasanjo Government
  • Nigeria-LABOR
  • Nigeria-The Babangida Government
  • Nigeria-Islam
  • Nigeria-Chapter 1 - Historical Setting
  • Nigeria-Livestock
  • Nigeria-ARMED FORCES
  • Nigeria-Foreign Policy
  • Nigeria-POLITICAL TRANSITIONS AND TRANSITION PLANNING
  • Nigeria-Yoruba Kingdoms and Benin
  • Nigeria-Structural Adjustment
  • Nigeria-Development of National Economic Interests to World War II
  • Nigeria-History of Modern Medical Services
  • Nigeria-Income Distribution
  • Nigeria-Politics in the Crisis Years
  • Nigeria-Further Development of Colonial Policy
  • Nigeria-Air Force
  • Nigeria-CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY
  • Nigeria
  • Nigeria-Local and Bilateral Issues
  • Nigeria-INTERNAL SECURITY
  • Nigeria-Religious Sectarianism
  • Nigeria-Incidence and Trends in Crime
  • Nigeria
  • Nigeria-Preface
  • Nigeria-Demographic Factors and the Defense Budget
  • Nigeria-Land Use, Soils, and Land Tenure
  • Nigeria-Foreign Trade FOREIGN TRADE AND BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
  • Nigeria
  • Nigeria-Historical Development of Urban Centers
  • Nigeria-THE SECOND REPUBLIC, 1979-83
  • Nigeria-GEOGRAPHY
  • Nigeria-HEALTH
  • Nigeria-Domestic Security
  • Nigeria-Women's Organizations
  • Nigeria-EUROPEAN SLAVE TRADE IN WEST AFRICA
  • Nigeria
  • Nigeria-The Buhari Regime
  • BackgroundBritish influence and control over what would become Nigeria and Africa's most populous country grew through the 19th century. A series of constitutions after World War II granted Nigeria greater autonomy; independence came in 1960. Following nearly 16 years of military rule, a new constitution was adopted in 1999, and a peaceful transition to civilian government was completed. The government continues to face the daunting task of reforming a petroleum-based economy, whose revenues have been squandered through corruption and mismanagement, and institutionalizing democracy. In addition, Nigeria continues to experience longstanding ethnic and religious tensions. Although both the 2003 and 2007 presidential elections were marred by significant irregularities and violence, Nigeria is currently experiencing its longest period of civilian rule since independence. The general elections of April 2007 marked the first civilian-to-civilian transfer of power in the country's history.
    LocationWestern Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Benin and Cameroon
    Area(sq km)total: 923,768 sq km
    land: 910,768 sq km
    water: 13,000 sq km
    Geographic coordinates10 00 N, 8 00 E
    Land boundaries(km)total: 4,047 km
    border countries: Benin 773 km, Cameroon 1,690 km, Chad 87 km, Niger 1,497 km

    Coastline(km)853 km

    Climatevaries; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north

    Elevation extremes(m)lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
    highest point: Chappal Waddi 2,419 m
    Natural resourcesnatural gas, petroleum, tin, iron ore, coal, limestone, niobium, lead, zinc, arable land
    Land use(%)arable land: 33.02%
    permanent crops: 3.14%
    other: 63.84% (2005)

    Irrigated land(sq km)2,820 sq km (2003)
    Total renewable water resources(cu km)286.2 cu km (2003)
    Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)total: 8.01 cu km/yr (21%/10%/69%)
    per capita: 61 cu m/yr (2000)
    Natural hazardsperiodic droughts; flooding
    Environment - current issuessoil degradation; rapid deforestation; urban air and water pollution; desertification; oil pollution - water, air, and soil; has suffered serious damage from oil spills; loss of arable land; rapid urbanization
    Environment - international agreementsparty to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
    signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
    Geography - notethe Niger enters the country in the northwest and flows southward through tropical rain forests and swamps to its delta in the Gulf of Guinea
    Population149,229,090
    note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2009 est.)
    Age structure(%)0-14 years: 41.5% (male 31,624,050/female 30,242,637)
    15-64 years: 55.5% (male 42,240,641/female 40,566,672)
    65 years and over: 3.1% (male 2,211,840/female 2,343,250) (2009 est.)
    Median age(years)total: 19 years
    male: 18.9 years
    female: 19.1 years (2009 est.)
    Population growth rate(%)1.999% (2009 est.)
    Birth rate(births/1,000 population)36.65 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)
    Death rate(deaths/1,000 population)16.56 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)

    Net migration rate(migrant(s)/1,000 population)-0.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)
    Urbanization(%)urban population: 48% of total population (2008)
    rate of urbanization: 3.8% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
    Sex ratio(male(s)/female)at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
    under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
    15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
    65 years and over: 0.94 male(s)/female
    total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
    Infant mortality rate(deaths/1,000 live births)total: 94.35 deaths/1,000 live births
    male: 100.38 deaths/1,000 live births
    female: 87.97 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

    Life expectancy at birth(years)total population: 46.94 years
    male: 46.16 years
    female: 47.76 years (2009 est.)

    Total fertility rate(children born/woman)4.91 children born/woman (2009 est.)
    Nationalitynoun: Nigerian(s)
    adjective: Nigerian
    Ethnic groups(%)Nigeria, Africa's most populous country, is composed of more than 250 ethnic groups; the following are the most populous and politically influential: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba 21%, Igbo (Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5%

    Religions(%)Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10%
    Languages(%)English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani

    Country nameconventional long form: Federal Republic of Nigeria
    conventional short form: Nigeria
    Government typefederal republic
    Capitalname: Abuja
    geographic coordinates: 9 05 N, 7 32 E
    time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
    Administrative divisions36 states and 1 territory*; Abia, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Edo, Ekiti, Enugu, Federal Capital Territory*, Gombe, Imo, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Nassarawa, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe, Zamfara
    Constitutionadopted 5 May 1999; effective 29 May 1999

    Legal systembased on English common law, Islamic law (in 12 northern states), and traditional law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations

    Suffrage18 years of age; universal
    Executive branchchief of state: President Umaru Musa YAR'ADUA (since 29 May 2007); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
    head of government: President Umaru Musa YAR'ADUA (since 29 May 2007)
    cabinet: Federal Executive Council
    elections: president is elected by popular vote for a four-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 21 April 2007 (next to be held in April 2011)
    election results: Umaru Musa YAR'ADUA elected president; percent of vote - Umaru Musa YAR'ADUA 69.8%, Muhammadu BUHARI 18.7%, Atiku ABUBAKAR 7.5%, Orji Uzor KALU 1.7%, other 2.3%

    Legislative branchbicameral National Assembly consists of the Senate (109 seats, 3 from each state plus 1 from Abuja; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) and House of Representatives (360 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
    elections: Senate - last held 21 April 2007 (next to be held in April 2011); House of Representatives - last held 21 April 2007 (next to be held in April 2011)
    election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - PDP 53.7%, ANPP 27.9%, AD 9.7%, other 8.7%; seats by party - PDP 76, ANPP 27, AD 6; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PDP 54.5%, ANPP 27.4%, AD 8.8%, UNPP 2.8%, NPD 1.9%, APGA 1.6%, PRP 0.8%; seats by party - PDP 76, ANPP 27, AD 6, UNPP 2, APGA 2, NPD 1, PRP 1, vacant 1

    Judicial branchSupreme Court (judges recommended by the National Judicial Council and appointed by the president); Federal Court of Appeal (judges are appointed by the federal government from a pool of judges recommended by the National Judicial Council)

    Political pressure groups and leadersAcademic Staff Union for Universities or ASUU; Campaign for Democracy or CD; Civil Liberties Organization or CLO; Committee for the Defense of Human Rights or CDHR; Constitutional Right Project or CRP; Human Right Africa; National Association of Democratic Lawyers or NADL; National Association of Nigerian Students or NANS; Nigerian Bar Association or NBA; Nigerian Labor Congress or NLC; Nigerian Medical Association or NMA; the Press; Universal Defenders of Democracy or UDD
    International organization participationACP, AfDB, AU, C, ECOWAS, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURCAT, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
    Flag descriptionthree equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green

    Economy - overviewOil-rich Nigeria, long hobbled by political instability, corruption, inadequate infrastructure, and poor macroeconomic management, has undertaken several reforms over the past decade. Nigeria's former military rulers failed to diversify the economy away from its overdependence on the capital-intensive oil sector, which provides 95% of foreign exchange earnings and about 80% of budgetary revenues. Following the signing of an IMF stand-by agreement in August 2000, Nigeria received a debt-restructuring deal from the Paris Club and a $1 billion credit from the IMF, both contingent on economic reforms. Nigeria pulled out of its IMF program in April 2002, after failing to meet spending and exchange rate targets, making it ineligible for additional debt forgiveness from the Paris Club. Since 2008 the government has begun showing the political will to implement the market-oriented reforms urged by the IMF, such as to modernize the banking system, to curb inflation by blocking excessive wage demands, and to resolve regional disputes over the distribution of earnings from the oil industry. In 2003, the government began deregulating fuel prices, announced the privatization of the country's four oil refineries, and instituted the National Economic Empowerment Development Strategy, a domestically designed and run program modeled on the IMF's Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility for fiscal and monetary management. In November 2005, Abuja won Paris Club approval for a debt-relief deal that eliminated $18 billion of debt in exchange for $12 billion in payments - a total package worth $30 billion of Nigeria's total $37 billion external debt. The deal requires Nigeria to be subject to stringent IMF reviews. Based largely on increased oil exports and high global crude prices, GDP rose strongly in 2007 and 2008. President YAR'ADUA has pledged to continue the economic reforms of his predecessor with emphasis on infrastructure improvements. Infrastructure is the main impediment to growth. The government is working toward developing stronger public-private partnerships for electricity and roads.
    GDP (purchasing power parity)$336.2 billion (2008 est.)
    $319.3 billion (2007 est.)
    $300.1 billion (2006 est.)
    note: data are in 2008 US dollars
    GDP (official exchange rate)$207.1 billion (2008 est.)
    GDP - real growth rate(%)5.3% (2008 est.)
    6.4% (2007 est.)
    6.2% (2006 est.)
    GDP - per capita (PPP)$2,300 (2008 est.)
    $2,200 (2007 est.)
    $2,100 (2006 est.)
    note: data are in 2008 US dollars
    GDP - composition by sector(%)agriculture: 18.1%
    industry: 50.8%
    services: 31.1% (2008 est.)
    Labor force51.04 million (2008 est.)

    Labor force - by occupation(%)agriculture: 70%
    industry: 10%
    services: 20% (1999 est.)
    Unemployment rate(%)4.9% (2007 est.)
    Population below poverty line(%)70% (2007 est.)
    Household income or consumption by percentage share(%)lowest 10%: 2%
    highest 10%: 32.4% (2004)
    Distribution of family income - Gini index43.7 (2003)
    50.6 (1997)
    Investment (gross fixed)(% of GDP)21.7% of GDP (2008 est.)
    Budgetrevenues: $19.76 billion
    expenditures: $24.72 billion (2008 est.)
    Inflation rate (consumer prices)(%)11.6% (2008 est.)
    5.4% (2007 est.)

    Stock of money$35.29 billion (31 December 2008)
    $26.82 billion (31 December 2007)
    Stock of quasi money$32.04 billion (31 December 2008)
    $22.78 billion (31 December 2007)
    Stock of domestic credit$49.51 billion (31 December 2008)
    $35.68 billion (31 December 2007)
    Market value of publicly traded shares$49.8 billion (31 December 2008)
    $86.35 billion (31 December 2007)
    $32.82 billion (31 December 2006)
    Economic aid - recipient$6.437 billion (2005)

    Public debt(% of GDP)13.4% of GDP (2008 est.)
    20% of GDP (2004 est.)
    Agriculture - productscocoa, peanuts, palm oil, corn, rice, sorghum, millet, cassava (tapioca), yams, rubber; cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; timber; fish
    Industriescrude oil, coal, tin, columbite; palm oil, peanuts, cotton, rubber, wood; hides and skins, textiles, cement and other construction materials, food products, footwear, chemicals, fertilizer, printing, ceramics, steel, small commercial ship construction and repair

    Industrial production growth rate(%)2.8% (2008 est.)

    Current account balance$3.877 billion (2008 est.)
    $2.203 billion (2007 est.)
    Exports$76.03 billion (2008 est.)
    $61.82 billion (2007 est.)

    Exports - commodities(%)petroleum and petroleum products 95%, cocoa, rubber
    Exports - partners(%)US 41.4%, India 10.4%, Brazil 9.4%, Spain 7.2%, France 4.6% (2008)
    Imports$46.3 billion (2008 est.)
    $38.8 billion (2007 est.)

    Imports - commodities(%)machinery, chemicals, transport equipment, manufactured goods, food and live animals
    Imports - partners(%)China 13.8%, Netherlands 9.6%, US 8.4%, UK 5.3%, South Korea 5.2%, France 4.3% (2008)

    Reserves of foreign exchange and gold$53 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
    $51.33 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
    Debt - external$9.996 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
    $8.007 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

    Stock of direct foreign investment - at home$68.84 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
    $58.84 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
    Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad$13.02 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
    $12.72 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
    Exchange ratesnairas (NGN) per US dollar - 117.8 (2008 est.), 127.46 (2007), 127.38 (2006), 132.59 (2005), 132.89 (2004)

    Currency (code)naira (NGN)

    Telephones - main lines in use1.308 million (2008)
    Telephones - mobile cellular62.988 million (2008)
    Telephone systemgeneral assessment: further expansion and modernization of the fixed-line telephone network is needed
    domestic: the addition of a second fixed-line provider in 2002 resulted in faster growth but subscribership remains only about 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular services growing rapidly, in part responding to the shortcomings of the fixed-line network; multiple cellular service providers operate nationally with subscribership reaching 45 per 100 persons in 2008
    international: country code - 234; landing point for the SAT-3/WASC fiber-optic submarine cable that provides connectivity to Europe and Asia; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) (2008)
    Internet country code.ng
    Internet users11 million (2008)
    Airports56 (2009)
    Pipelines(km)condensate 21 km; gas 2,560 km; liquid petroleum gas 97 km; oil 3,396 km; refined products 4,090 km (2008)
    Roadways(km)total: 193,200 km
    paved: 28,980 km
    unpaved: 164,220 km (2004)

    Ports and terminalsBonny Inshore Terminal, Calabar, Lagos
    Military branchesNigerian Armed Forces: Army, Navy, Air Force (2008)
    Military service age and obligation(years of age)18 years of age for voluntary military service (2007)
    Manpower available for military servicemales age 16-49: 31,929,204
    females age 16-49: 30,638,979 (2008 est.)
    Manpower fit for military servicemales age 16-49: 19,763,535
    females age 16-49: 18,850,650 (2009 est.)
    Manpower reaching militarily significant age annuallymale: 1,697,030
    female: 1,618,561 (2009 est.)
    Military expenditures(% of GDP)1.5% of GDP (2006)
    Disputes - internationalJoint Border Commission with Cameroon reviewed 2002 ICJ ruling on the entire boundary and bilaterally resolved differences, including June 2006 Greentree Agreement that immediately cedes sovereignty of the Bakassi Peninsula to Cameroon with a phase-out of Nigerian control within two years while resolving patriation issues; the ICJ ruled on an equidistance settlement of Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf of Guinea, but imprecisely defined coordinates in the ICJ decision and a sovereignty dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an island at the mouth of the Ntem River all contribute to the delay in implementation; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries

    Refugees and internally displaced personsrefugees (country of origin): 5,778 (Liberia)
    IDPs: undetermined (communal violence between Christians and Muslims since President OBASANJO's election in 1999; displacement is mostly short-term) (2007)
    Electricity - production(kWh)21.92 billion kWh (2007 est.)
    Electricity - production by source(%)fossil fuel: 61.9%
    hydro: 38.1%
    nuclear: 0%
    other: 0% (2001)
    Electricity - consumption(kWh)19.21 billion kWh (2007 est.)
    Electricity - exports(kWh)0 kWh (2008 est.)
    Electricity - imports(kWh)0 kWh (2008 est.)
    Oil - production(bbl/day)2.169 million bbl/day (2008 est.)
    Oil - consumption(bbl/day)286,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)
    Oil - exports(bbl/day)2.327 million bbl/day (2007 est.)
    Oil - imports(bbl/day)170,000 bbl/day (2007 est.)
    Oil - proved reserves(bbl)36.22 billion bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
    Natural gas - production(cu m)32.82 billion cu m (2008 est.)
    Natural gas - consumption(cu m)12.28 billion cu m (2008 est.)
    Natural gas - exports(cu m)20.55 billion cu m (2008)
    Natural gas - proved reserves(cu m)5.215 trillion cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
    HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate(%)3.1% (2007 est.)
    HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS2.6 million (2007 est.)
    HIV/AIDS - deaths170,000 (2007 est.)
    Major infectious diseasesdegree of risk: very high
    food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
    vectorborne disease: malaria and yellow fever
    respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
    aerosolized dust or soil contact disease: one of the most highly endemic areas for Lassa fever
    water contact disease: leptospirosis and shistosomiasis
    animal contact disease: rabies
    Literacy(%)definition: age 15 and over can read and write
    total population: 68%
    male: 75.7%
    female: 60.6% (2003 est.)

    School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)(years)total: 8 years
    male: 9 years
    female: 7 years (2004)
    Education expenditures(% of GDP)0.9% of GDP (1991)








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