Telecommunications: Domestic and international communications are controlled by the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Korean Workers’ Party (KWP). Most national broadcasting is via the Korean Central Broadcasting Station in P’y4ngyang. Radio service was received from approximately 16 AM, 14 FM, and 11 shortwave government-controlled stations in 1999. Nearly all households have access to broadcasts from radios or public loudspeakers. According to 2001 data, North Korea had 4.7 million radio sets. International medium-wave (AM) and shortwave broadcasting is by Voice of Korea in P’y4ngyang, with daily propaganda broadcasts in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, German, Japanese, Korean, Russian, and Spanish. North Korea has three television services, all from P’y4ngyang: the Radio and Television Committee of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and Korean Educational and Cultural Television with Wednesday and Sunday broadcasting, and Mansudae Television with Sunday broadcasting. There were 38 television broadcast stations and some 2 million television sets in 1999. In 2001 North Korea may have had as many as 1.1 million telephones in use, although lower numbers also are cited; the number of cellular phones, which first came into use in 2002, is not known. However, it has been reported that North Koreans living in border towns near China are using prepaid Chinese cellular phones, routed via relay stations constructed in 2004 along the Chinese side of the border, to call relatives and reporters in South Korea. International telecommunications are via an Intelsat satellite and a Russian satellite, both over the Indian Ocean. Fiber-optic lines have been reported between some cities. Other international connections are through Beijing and Moscow. North Korea launched its first e-mail service in 2001, but Internet access is severely restricted.